Our immune system consists of a complex process your body uses to fight illness. This process involves our cells, organs, and proteins. Cancer can commonly get around many of the immune system’s natural defenses, allowing cancer cells to continue to grow.

In the last few decades immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. New immunotherapy treatments are being tested and approved, and new ways of working with the immune system are being discovered at a very fast pace.

The immune system relies on receptor proteins on certain immune cells to detect the invaders. At certain checkpoints, when activated or deactivated, these receptors allow it to distinguish between healthy and invading cells. The checkpoints are needed to keep the immune system from attacking healthy cells.

Cancer cells don't trigger an immune response because they are the body’s own cells that have mutated—so those once-healthy cells no longer behave like normal cells. Because the immune system doesn’t recognize the distinction, these dangerous cells can continue to grow, divide and spread throughout the body.

How does immunotherapy spark the immune system to help fight cancer?

Immunotherapies use different methods to attack tumor cells. Immunotherapy types fall into three general categories:

Checkpoint inhibitors, where cancer cell signals that trick the immune system into thinking they’re healthy cells are disrupted, exposing them to attack by the immune system

Cytokines, where protein molecules called cytokines—those that help regulate and direct the immune system—are synthesized in a laboratory and then injected into the body in much larger doses than are produced naturally

Cancer vaccines, which may reduce the risk of cancer by attacking viruses that cause cancer, or may treat cancer by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells in a specific part of the body

Immunotherapy may be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy.

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